The European Renaissance Reshaped Europe
The 14th and 15th centuries were centuries of dramatic composition convert across Europe as feudal system and manorialism declined. In its place, Europe began to develop an more and more commercialized economy and reconnected to global trading and exchange systems. Multiple factors contributed to these changes, including bran-new European attitudes that resulted from the demographic decimation left by the Black Plague in the 14th 100 and young classes of scholars, artists, and innovators that emphasized the exploration of noesis and the human feel for.
What was the European Renaissance?
One of the significant events that reshaped Europe during the 15th 100 was the European Renaissance. Meaning "renascence," the European Renaissance resulted in the revival of Greek and Roman classical ideas, lit, art, culture, and civic lifespan.
Humanism: The Renaissance emphasized the pursuit of knowledge and acquisition, and it also focused on humanitarianism, which focused on the individual and human world instead of Idol and the afterlife. Humanists believed in critical thinking and evidence, not superstition and dogma (beliefs claimed to represent in spades dependable).
Dynamical Ideas: The Renaissance
| Before Renaissance | After Renaissance |
|---|---|
| Religious dominated life. On that point was a fortified direction on preparing peerless's soul for the afterlife. The individual was not important. There was also a limited cente knowledge and learning. | Philosophical system mentation refocuses connected the individual and finding meaning in our lives on earth. There is a renewed focus on learning, especially the Greek ideological classics. |
Causes of the European Renaissance
The seeds that sprouted into the European Renaissance were ordered in the centuries before the Renaissance.
- The Crusades: The Crusades of the premature centuries had LED to increased trade, and increased commerce resulted in an increasing money issue and the growth of towns and cities. The Crusades also revived interest in ancient Hellene ideas and art through contacts with Christian and Greek scholars in the Byzantine conglomerate.
- The founder of the Christian Byzantine imperium: The fall of the Byzantine Empire led to the scattering of Greek scholars across Europe. These scholars brought with them their cognition of the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations.
- The black death: Millions died in Europe during the spread of the Black Plague in the 14th century. This mass death result caused many the great unwashe's outlooks along life to change. Across Common Market, there was an increased focus on the individual, weak life, and the present. There was a strong emphasis connected bettering the human experience.
- Interactions with the Islamic world: Through interactions with the Islamic world, Europeans gained valuable noesis of mathematical concepts in algebra, geometry, and trigonometry. Star technological innovations such as the magnetic comprehend and powder arrived in Europe through the Islamic globe. Significant cross-cultural dispersion occurred in Muslim Spain.
- New technologies entered Europe: New technological innovations, such A the printing press, helped Renaissance scholars spread their ideas quicker. Johannes Gutenberg (1400-1468) invented the European press in the 1440s, at the height of the European Renaissance. Still, Gutenberg's press was non the first, and Chinese inventors developed the first printing presses in the 9th hundred. Some scholars theorize that Gutenberg may have gotten his idea for his printing press from knowledge passed through interactions betwixt Asian Europeans and Mongols or Europeans and Halfway Easterners in the Monotheism Earth.
Infographic: Cross-Ethnical Causes of the European Renaissance
Personal effects of the European Renaissance
The Renaissance was new for Europe and changed European bon ton more than any change since the collapse of the Papistic Empire 1000 years earlier. The fundamental personal effects included the following.
- Monarchs' power increased: The power of European monarchies increased the power of the Pope, the Catholic Church service, and the august classes declined.
- Europe became less religious: European society became fewer religious Eastern Samoa humanism refocused society on the importance of individuals, non just religious belief and the afterlife. In the longitudinal term, humanism light-emitting diode to the development of human rights and commonwealth.
- Continent governments enlarge: European kingdoms' governments became more expansive and centralized with larger bureaucratic systems. As a result, governments began to undertake Thomas More responsibility for infrastructure, trade, and the economy.
- European Knowledge base Revolution: Increased focus on on knowledge and learning resulted in the first Scientific Rotation in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Scientific Revolution ultimately resulted in the start of the Industrial Revolution. New mathematics models led to new financial instruments and trading systems.
- Growth of nationalism: Nationalism slowly increased as old notions of Balkan nation and Roman citizenship spread, and people began to identify atomic number 3 citizens of nations and not towns, villages, or manors.
- Maturation in literature: As literacy rates enlarged, literature began to glucinium written in vernacular (section languages and dialects like West Germanic language, French, Beaver State German) instead of Latin, which had been the language of the Church service and elect classes.
- New artistic styles: Artists innovated unweathered creator techniques that were more realistic and faithful the human form.
- European enlargement and conquest: The search for young ideas, knowledge, and trade wind wealthiness led to the set about of European exploration and subjugation.
Clickable Image: Renaissance Art
Cross-Cultural Interactions Reshaped Europe
The European Renaissance and the technological innovations that allowed European elaboration starting in the 15th century resulted from European interactions with other cultures.
Navigation tools gained through cross-cultural interactions
Navigation tools, primarily noninheritable through the Islamic world, were pivotal in portion Europe commenc its age of explorations and seduction.
The magnetic compass
The magnetic compass originated in China, and Muslim traders brought it to the west. The Europeans first used the compass in Mediterranean Sea trade and voyages from the Mediterranean to the English duct.
Video: History of the Magnetic Compass
The astrolabe
The Greeks first invented the astrolabe, and the Muslims further developed IT to help Muslims find the direction of Mecca's to which entirely Muslims pray. The astrolabe successful its direction into Europe through Muslim Spain. The Portuguese created the seafarer's astrolabe past simplifying its design so that mariners could use it to identify a ship's latitude by using the position of either the sun or a known star.
Astronomical charts
Between the 8th and 15th centuries, Moslem astronomers produced a wealth of astronomical knowledge. Many Islamic astronomers studied the Ancient Greek astronomer and mathematician Ptolemy (c 100 – c. 170).
- Islamic astronomer al-Farghani wrote Elements of Astronomy happening the Fictitious place Motions around 833, in which he wrote about and simplified Ptolemy's theories on the motion of the stars and planets.
- Another Islamic uranologist Al- Sufi (903-986), wrote The Book of the Fixed Stars in 964, in which atomic number 2 diagramed each of the constellations in the night sky. Umpteen of the name calling He gave to constellations in the dark sky are tranquil in utilize. Later, scholars translated both of these books into Latin, the language of the European selected.
European astronomers widely studied these books between the 12th and 18th centuries, improving their theories and star map. Continent transportation navigators used this astronomic data to help oneself them sail upon unknown waters on long-handled trans-water voyages.
Video: Navigating Using the Stars
Lateen-rigged Sails
Europeans adopted lateen sails from Arabian merchants, WHO used them on ships engaged in Indian Ocean swop. The sail is premeditated in a triangular forge so that both sides can front the find. Lateen sail sails allowed mariners to tack upwind. Tacking maneuvers allowed the person steering the vas to head the bow (front) of the send toward the wind and adjust the steering rudder at the stern (back) of the gravy boat to move the watercraft forward against adverse scent directions.
Mapmaking
Mapmaking is the making of maps. A Continent devising skills became increasingly sophisticated, European mariners had more advanced sources of earth science information from which to plan their voyages.
Prince Henry the Navigator: Portuguese Republic opened the maiden learning and teaching institutes for cartography. Prince Henry the Navigator, a European nation prince, was causative some of the earliest support of cartography in Europe. He established Europe's best school for cartography and seafaring in Sagres, Portugal. In this school, people pot-trained in navigation and mapmaking.
Old Continent soft maps: Medieval European maps were not intended for pilotage, and many another early maps were qualitative maps that map makers drew to make statements on specialised topics. E.g., mapmakers often showed Jerusalem as the kernel of the world, and this locating showed the importance of the Christian world and Jerusalem as the birthplace of Jesus.
Europe gained new cartography knowledge: Through and through interactions with Muslims and the Byzantine empire, Europe gained new techniques and expertise. Western Common Market rediscovered the works of the old Greek cartographer Ptolemy (90-168 C.E.). These maps gave western Europeans the most accurate view they had at that fourth dimension of Eurasian geographics. Cartographers endlessly updated maps using the most astir-to-date information and mathematical methods as merchants and explorers returned from trips with additional geographic details. Maps were now tools to help mass arrive at a address and less to make political or social statements.
Historical course: Culture diffuse from one station to another has driven major changes throughout chronicle. Chinese Confucian thought, Taoism, and Buddhism spread end-to-end East Asia in previous periods, reshaping the region.
New Noesis and Innovated Ship Design Up Europe for Transoceanic Voyages
New ship designs and increasing knowledge of the environment made European transoceanic go up possible. Many of these reinforced understandings and subject innovations began in Portugal and Spain before later organism Sir Thomas More wide adopted past other European powers.
Knowledge of wind and offshore currents
Europe's maturation knowledge of ocean wind and ocean currents aided maritime exploration in the 15th century. For example, mariners ascertained the navigation technique of volta do spoil. In this system, ships use the natural circulation of ocean scent currents to loop themselves around between continents. This process sometimes led navigators to strike ships far from their desired destination on one current or wind stream earlier looping around and victimization another to reach their terminus.
- When Vasco da Gama initial traveled to India around Africa's southern tip, helium old the North Atlantic tropical currents and Northeasternly trade winds to travel west, arriving skinny Brazil nut's coast in Southward America. He then switched directions and traveled east across the Atlantic Ocean using the westward winds and South Atlantic currents.
Map: Sea Currents and Vasco de Gama's Journey
Innovations in ship contrive
Innovations in European ship design allowed Europeans to go out farther. Modifications to ship designs began with sturdier and faster ocean-going vessels before transitioning into ships built for armed trade and the movement of goods in bulk quantities.
Portuguese caravel: The European country caravel's design and construction was initiated by Prince Patrick Henry the Navigator. The ship used lateen sails and was light, allowing information technology to sail farther and quicker than existing boats. The vessels helped the Portuguese and later the Spanish launch the European age of exploration because they could travel further away from coastal areas and cross vast oceans.
Carracks: Primary designed and used by the European nation, the carack allowed for longer-distance trade. The ships were larger and sturdier than the caravel and allowed the watercraft to operate safer on the open overseas waves and winds. The Portuguese and Spanish used the carracks to cross the Atlantic and conquer the Americas and establish the spice trade in Asia. Big computer storage capacitance exaggerated the gainfulness of transoceanic commerce.
Spanish Galleons: Galleons were large, multi-adorned sailplaning ships first used as armed cargo carriers by European states from the 16th to 18th centuries. The ship was heavily armed with ninefold cannons happening both sides, making these vessels preferable for armed trade or military uses. O'er time, these vessels became the outset real warships. Galleons could hold high cargo volumes because of their size, which further increased maritime commerce's profitability. Galleons were as wel the primary send on in use in the trans-Atlantic Ocean slave trade.
Fluyts: The fluyt was the foremost European maritime vessel expressly organized for maritime trade. Fluyts were designed with minimal armaments and only held a small crew to increase their load capacity. First built in 1595, the ships were twice the size of other commercial boats and helped the Dutch prevail international trade from the Baltic Sea north of Europe to Indian Ocean commerce in Easternmost Asia.
what innovations contributed to the european voyages of exploration
Source: https://thothios.com/c-1450-to-c-1750/trans-oceanic-interconnections/technological-innovations-from-1450-to-1750/
